Dr. Albert Ellis Essay

Dr. Albert Ellis became known for setting frontiers in the field of psychology. He questioned many age-old beliefs throughout his career and tried to prove each of them with theories. His expertise expounded on human sexuality, psychoanalysis, ad cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. The focus that he gave in sexology and sexuality led to many publications and teachings accountable to him. It is not surprising so that he subscribed to Freudian ideologies. Among his more popular studies was the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy or REBT. REBT focused on the role of the mind in directing emotions. It specified that the mindset of people is what transforms into emotions. In return, these reactions become basis for future feelings and actions. Ellis assumed with his theories that psychology patients will get better faster and the treatments will be easier if they cooperate and have a change of mind as most of what makes negative emotions are wrong assumptions. By stopping oneself from making demands that cannot be easily satisfied and by being realistic, negative emotions and most problems can be resolved. This focus on cognitive behavior expounded many earlier studies on the area which lacked the focus it needed. Thus, Ellis was dubbed as the Most Influential Psychologist by psychologists and counselors in America and Europe. (Dr. Albert Ellis, 2006) In his death he left a legacy of intelligence. This intelligence helped and will continue to help millions of individuals who remain bothered by life issues that are mainly caused by wrong perceptions. Thus, this legacy was not for Ellis’ alone but for all practitioners and patients who will benefit in his work. INTRODUCTION As shown in many biographies and stories made out of the life of Dr. Albert Ellis, it was evident that a powerful influence was left to him by Freudian ideologies. He had many works that referred most especially to the human sexuality. In his lifetime, he was also able to maintain two consecutive marriages which definitely peppered reality into his many works and theories on sexology. (A brief biography of Dr. Albert Ellis, 2005) As Freud would have it he was also into psychoanalysis. He had a different way of studying the human mind—how it functions and how other bodily functions relate to it. Of his many works sexuality and psychoanalysis were the focal point of most and of which he became better known. (A brief biography of Dr. Albert Ellis, 2005) It’s all in the mind We perceive pain only when we already know that an occurrence or action causes pain. We become sad only when we know that something is saddening. These negative thoughts and feelings come from the mind. The mind is very powerful and it can dictate the whole body on how to behave. It can likewise tell the mind how to think and perceive things. Thus, how a person thinks affects how he feels. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy was created by Ellis in 1955. The theory found its way to a treatment method. It became possible with the thought that patients will get better faster if they change their way of thinking. The mind, it says, can cure. (Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, 2006) For instance, a patient of depression can get out from his bouts by going to the cause of his depression and changing his reaction about it. Besides, depression as Ellis taught happens when the person convinces himself that the state of his person is not what it should be and rather should be another. These irrational idealisms cause worries and frustrations which leads to depression. (REBT by Dr. Albert Ellis, n. d. ) In concurrence, a neurotic, Ellis specifies, can get out of his neuroses by stopping it. Thus, Ellis promotes that the mind dictates what the body’s state will be especially when it comes to emotions. Ellis’ theory stresses that reactions to a certain event, state, or occurrence identifies the overall feeling of a person towards it. (REBT by Dr. Albert Ellis, n. d. ) Therefore, a person can alter his view of it by either changing the way in which he perceives it or convincing him to do so. When a person successfully does this, it will be easier for him to overcome his negative feelings and be more optimistic. Optimism then leads to a better outlook in life. Ellis psychology: Different psychology In its prime, Ellis’ schools of thought differed from the others at that it puts emphasis on different factors that are otherwise overlooked by other theories. Its combination of highlight points allowed these overlooked factors to be studied through this single theory. These factors include emphasis on early childhood, deep philosophical change and scientific thinking. (REBT by Dr. Albert Ellis, n. d. ) While these factors have been studied long before Ellis’ time, it was only through the focus that Ellis gave that the factors were brought together in a homogenous fashion yet for the resolution of a single objective. The objective here is to change the way of the pessimistic mind and create a mindset that will make it easy for a person to accept events that come his way and understand how to deal with them. The theory states that events which happen during the early childhood years drastically affect the state of mind of a person. The more negative these years were, the more pessimistic the person will likely get. Deep philosophical change is another factor. This is the one which changes the mindset of the person. By changing a person’s philosophy in life he can become at peace with his self and the things that happen to him. In changing his life’s philosophy a person may have to deal into scientific thinking as well. Here there will be no vague inexplicable thoughts and idealisms but rather specifics that can be explained and help the person understand himself and his ordeals. These three measures spell the difference between self-defeat and self-winning. The self can only be won by being rational. By these one explains to himself and understands that everything happens (or do not happen) for a reason. To be rational is to be realistic. When one leaves in a too idealistic or fantasy world is to deny oneself of the opportunity to win over situations. Being rational is a pre-requisite to being free, happy, and optimistic. The ABC and the Musts Ellis’ theory also developed the three ABCs which pose as the blueprint of emotions. The three includes the start of things (A), the beliefs of the person about the thing (B), and the reaction of the person about the thing (C). According to the process, every person’s ordeal has a beginning. It may be from the immediate time or from a distant past. It may be from his immediate surrounding or from a past neighborhood or workplace. Whenever or wherever that beginning may be, the fact is that there is a start. (What is REBT? , 2006) From the beginning of a situation a person starts to associate with it his personal beliefs and the beliefs that he form in concurrence to outside factors such as family and friends. These beliefs are developed from many different things, and so it is guaranteed that two persons under the same situation may have differing beliefs toward it. In connection, these beliefs affect the reaction that the person gives into the situation. As an example, a person who wants to get into a certain job position into a company he so much dreams of may feel very positive about applying, taking the application tests, and attending the interviews. He prepares for it and makes sure nothing comes between him and his dream of getting his dream job; and then he fails. He did not get the job. This person will most likely believe that he does not deserve the failure because he prepared so much for everything. This belief will lead to a reaction of anger and resentment. But when following the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, he will put off the grief and focus on future things that he can do—apply in other companies or improve on himself to take on the opportunity of re-application. This is the essence of REBT. The negative feelings that become reactions are often brought about by Musts. These are the assumed expectations of a person that when he fails to achieve can greatly give him negative thoughts and feelings. A person always feel he must do well and win the approval of others, that other people must be fair, kind, and true to him, that he must get what he wants when he want it. This spoiled-brat syndrome often leads to failed expectations. (What is REBT? , 2006) Getting away from thoughts that include these Musts allow one to be realistic. Sources say that these unrealistic demands when given up will solve 80% of a person’s problems. (What is REBT? Introduction, explanation, and application, 2007) This highlights that problems arise from the mindset of a person. A problem becomes so if the person perceives that this thing is really a crisis and so if he will think that it is not a dilemma then it will not pose itself as a predicament. Benefits of rational thinking Being realistic, people say, will save one from the hurts of disillusionment and broken fantasies. The same works with the theories presented by Ellis. Rational thinking bases itself on reality. Thus, it allows a person to be bound with facts. As it helps one overcome tribulations, it promotes a more positive self and mindset. Apart from this, there are other advantages brought about by Ellis’ theory. There is the accomplishment of goals, creation of manageable emotions, and promotion of behavior that allows survival. First, REBT allows one to achieve his goals and purposes. When a person has goals and purposes in life it may be overshadowed by negative feelings and wrong beliefs and reactions. Rational thinking can take these away. Being in touch with reality will keep one collected. Secondly, reality creates emotions that one can handle. Because he perceives things realistically, everything that he may experience will be almost expected. Thus the outpour of emotions will be controllable. Of course, the emotions cannot be stopped. Yet, he will be able ti handle them accordingly and still think clear to be on top of the situation. Lastly, being in touch with reality helps one behave in ways that promote aims and survival. The person who follows Ellis’ school of thought have clear aims in life and the enthusiasm to achieve them They are also survivors. They do not know how to quit because they know that there are other things that they are worth for. (What is REBT? Introduction, explanation, and application, 2007) The impact Dr. Albert Ellis’ works paved the way to modern thoughts in psychology which were specific and focused. It also set a new era for psychological therapy and views on cognitive behavior. Apart from these works on emotive behavioral therapy, Ellis also had studies on sexuality that also influenced that field of study. Freud’s work was on his armament, but he made progress by deriving from the scholar inspiration for fresh studies rather than repetition of old studies. With the works of Dr. Ellis studies on emotive behavior therapy became prominently based on the mindset of the person. Because the theory was very consistent to the results on many studies, many counselors subscribed to the idea and used it to treat their patients. It then became possible to treat patients easily because counselors had a process to follow—tracing the beginnings of the problem, modifying the beliefs of the person, and expectedly the change in his reaction. Dr. Ellis was able to think out of the box. He moved away from the generalities and devised new studies that created new methodologies for psychotherapy. This changed the way in which psychology operated. It made the work easier for doctors and patients alike. These outstanding works gave Dr. Ellis the brand for being the Most Influential Psychologist by American and European practitioners alike. (Dr. Albert Ellis, 2006) Being influential is not nomenclature alone for Dr. Ellis. He embodies the influential psychologist, with published and well-publicized breakthroughs in psychology. These influence that the doctor made helped the field of psychology propel and become what it is now. Definitely, psychology could have not been the same. CONCLUSION Psychology is a never-ending process of learning how the minds of people work. The mindset of people changes through time. It is therefore understandable why psychologists are working endlessly. This has been how Dr. Albert Ellis lived his career. The quest of Dr. Ellis to find the explanations to many of psychoanalysis’ questions wee the inspirations that he had to create studies that gave birth to sexology and emotive behavior therapy, rather old schools of thought that were given new concepts. Best of all, Dr. Ellis made his studies so thoroughly and among well-chosen populations. His works were lauded. His work saved many lives. It is evident that Ellis’ works were greatly influenced by his strong orientation of the works of Sigmund Freud. Known for thoughts and theories on human sexuality and psychoanalysis, Freud was also popular for many studies on the area. In his time, Ellis’ achieved the same level of integrity in psychological studies, albeit not the worldwide fame that Freud has achieved. However, his works were at par with that of the inspiring scholar from which he based many of his beliefs. His seriousness in his theories and studies may also be the one for which his own sexuality can be based, especially that he entered into two consecutive marriages. It will not be surprising to think that these marriages have influenced his concepts on human sexuality which in turn inspired his studies and theories. The good thing, however, is that Ellis’ confidently challenged existing ideologies, which enriched psychology. Through them, psychology has now advanced forward. Though Dr. Ellis, the mind became the cure for its own predicaments. References A brief biography of dr. albert ellis. 2005. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebt. ws/albertellisbiography. html Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebtnetwork. org/whois. html Dr. Albert Ellis. 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebtnetwork. org/ REBT by Dr. Albert Ellis. n. d. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebt. cc/_wsn/page11. html What is REBT? 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebtnetwork. org/whatis. html What is REBT? Introduction, explanation, and application. 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. rebt. ws/REBT%20explained. htm

Belonging speech Essay

It is with a kind of fear that I begin to write the story of my life. I have, as it were, a superstitious hesitation in lifting the veil that clings about my childhood like a golden mist. The task of writing an autobiography is a difficult one. When I try to classify my earliest impressions, I find that a fact and fancy look alike across the years that link the past with the present. A few impressions stand out vividly from the first few years from my life but â€Å"the shadows of disappointments and getting hurt are on the rest†. Besides, many of the joys and sorrows of childhood have lost their poignancy; and many incidents of vital importance have been forgotten in the excitement of great memories. In order, therefore, not to be tedious I shall try to present in a series of sketches only the episodes that seem to me the most interesting and important. I was born on June 2, 2000, at the San Juan De Dios Hospital, a hospital in the town of Pasay. The family on my father’s side are natives of China, who settled in the Philippines. My grandfather, Roberto arrived at the shores of Leyte and finally settled there. I have been told that he visited his brother to trade goods twice a year, and my grandmother has in her possession many of the letters to his family, which gave charming and vivid accounts of these trips. My father, Alvin , is a chef in Sydney, and my mother, Norilyn , was of the same age. Her family has lived in Nueva Ecija, Philippines, for many years. I lived, up to the time my mother and father started having issues, in a cosy two-storey house consisting of two big bedrooms and a moderately- sized one in which the maids slept. We also had a garden at the front porch which consisted of orchids, sampaguitas and ylang-ylang. The beginning of my life was simple and much like every other little life. I came, I saw, I conquered, as the first baby in the family always does. There was the usual amount of discussion as to a name for me. My father suggested the name Korina Sanchez, the name of news reporter he idolized, not everyone agreed to his suggestion. My mother solved the problem by finding a name for me in the university graduates catalogue from the newspaper, Celine. To make up to my father, she decided to give me a second name, Kaye, my paternal grandmother’s name. I am told that while I was still a toddler I showed many signs of an eager and confident nature. Everything that I saw other people do I insisted upon imitating. At six months I could say, â€Å"Mama, Papa† and one day I attracted everyone’s attention by saying â€Å"Te, Te, Te† which probably meant Ate (Big Sister). They tell me I walked the day I was a year old. My mother had just taken me out of the bath-tub and was holding me in her lap, when I was suddenly attracted by the flickeri ng shadows of leaves that danced in the sunlight on the smooth floor. I slipped from my mother’s lap and almost ran toward them. The urge gone, I fell down and cried for her to take me up in her arms. These happy days did not last long. One summer season, rich in fruit and orchids, sped by and left their gifts on the feet of an eager child; the rainy season has finally come. One rainy evening, I turned as white as sheet and as cold as ice. My parents soon rushed me to the hospital. The doctor diagnosed me of pneumonia and asthma. They thought I would not live, but with extensive care and the help of antibiotics I fought through it. I fancy I still have confused recollections of that illness. I especially remember the tenderness with which my mother tried to soothe me in my waking hours of fret and pain, and the agony and the bewilderment with which I awoke after tossing and turning in my sleep. Gradually, the pain faded away and I got better. During the first few years of my life, I had caught glimpses of people,a luminous sky, trees, flowers and my neighbourhood. If we have once seen, â€Å"the day is ours, and what the day has shown.† The Start of my Journey to the Outside World During the years that I grew up, things gradually changed. I grew and learned more about my life, seeing the world in a whole new perspective. My mother taught me everything that I know of. My hands felt every object, communicated with other people and observed every motion, and in this way I learned to know many things. A shake of the head meant â€Å"No† and a nod â€Å"Yes†, a pull meant â€Å"Come† and a push â€Å"Go†. I also learned new words such as bread, ice cream and book. My mother, moreover, succeeded in making me understand a great deal. I always knew when she wished me to bring her something, and I would run upstairs or anywhere else she indicated. Many accidents of those early years are fixed in my memory, isolated, but clear and distinct, making the sense of that silent, aimless daily life more intense. One day, I was staying at my grandmother’s house. We were eating lunch at that time, rice and chicken adobo with a glass of Coca Cola, whilst eating, I accidentally spilled my cup. To teach me a lesson, my grandmother didn’t give any more servings of the soft drink. At that time, the Coca Cola bottles were still made of glass. After we finished, she stood up and went to wash the dishes. Being the mischievous little girl I was, I quickly tiptoed to the refrigerator and took the bottle out. At that moment, a thought overcame me and I began to furiously shake the bottle up and down with my chubby little hands. Due to the little water droplets that covered the bottle, it slipped from my grasp. Glass shards flew everywhere and I was bombarded with cuts and my grandmother’s sermon. That accident is still vivid in my memory and it also made a scar that I still carry as of this day. When I was about five years old, we moved from the two-storey house to a town house consisting of three floors where I stayed from preschool up until Year5. The family consisted of my mother, my father and me. My earliest recollection of my father is making m way through great drifts of newspapers to his side and finding him alone, holding a sheet of paper before his face. I was greatly puzzled to know what he was doing. I imitated this action, even wearing his reading glasses, thinking they might help solve the mystery. But I did not find out the secret for several years. Then I learned what those papers were, and that my father was looking for jobs to go to another country. My father was most loving and indulgent, devoted to his home, seldom leaving us. Alas, certain circumstances happen that calls for desperate measures. My father was accepted to become a chef in either the U.S.A. or Australia. After much consideration, he left us to start a new career. I’ve never seen him all throughout the rest of my childhood and school years. He called us, me and my mum, at least once a month. I missed him dearly hoping he would be there every time I get something right or make my mum proud. Early Education and an unforgettable trip Meanwhile the desire to express myself grew. The words and body language I’ve learned became less and less adequate, and my failures taught me not to make the same mistakes all over again. My mother taught me more to quench my thirst for knowledge and even gave me my first book. After that occurrence, I gradually became a bookworm. On my birthdays, I received books as gifts from my relatives. At that moment, things changed. I grew to love books more than playing like my peers. I grew up in a town house neighbourhood. There weren’t any children in my neighbourhood, hence my independence. It was lonely at first but my books and my grandma kept me company. To help me, my mom started to teach me the alphabet. At first, it was hard but practice makes perfect. Every afternoon, she would then ask me to recite the whole alphabet and after a few weeks, until I finally perfected it. My mother is a very persistent and studious woman. She has always persuaded me to study ever since my second birthday. I still remember those days when I didn’t study enough or was too lazy to say it orally; I would be locked out of the house until I learn it. Ever since that day, I strive to be the best I can be. Then, one day, things took a turn for the better. My uncle, Eduardo Lim, who was currently residing in Johannesburg, South Africa, gave my mom a job opportunity. Things went and papers were filed soon after. A couple of months later we were on board the Qatar Airlines and zooming to get my first glimpse of my new home. Upon arrival, we were escorted to big mansion where my uncle lived. It was lavish and with high security. There were also three canine dogs. After the introductions and formalities, my uncle doted on me and soon after enrolled me to a preschool. My mom used to tell me that when I was a toddler, I used to greet people all the time. And if I get the chan ce, maybe, steal a peck on the cheek or a hug; as a child, I was a cheeky little monkey and was always getting into trouble. There was the time when I made a peanut butter sandwich without anyone’s knowledge and ate it with the dogs that were taller than me. It was all fun then, but everything comes to an end. After two summers, my mother decided to go back to the Philippines to start my education. In the Philippines, school starts at June and ends in March. Our holidays consisted of Christmas , New Year, The Day of the Dead and the two- month long one(March-June). Upon our arrival on May 2005, my mom perused me even more to study harder and so I did. My mom enrolled me to St. Stephen’s High school to start my education. It is a Christian Chinese School. I managed to get top marks on my entrance exam. There was a disadvantage though, the school was really far. To remedy this problem, I need to wake up at 4:00 am. It was really tiring but it was worth the effort. I met new friends, learned new stuff and boosted my stamina to a whole new level. In this school, everyone is competitive to rise above the rest. Rivalries and Competitions are normal in this school, especially with mothers. Here, there are no top classes or anything of that matter. Everyone and I mean every single student has at least one tutor. My tutoring sessions lasted for 5 hours a day during my stay there. Finally the year has finished, and I reaped my rewards. I stayed under their tutelage for two years, striving to be the best. Hence my schools motto, â€Å"We are the best, among the rest†. For the first year, I received awards for being the fourth place in my entire year. For the second though, through excessive studying and my mother’s perusal, I finally managed to grasp the concept of being at the top. Due to certain circumstances, I moved schools. I cried with my best friend that day, when I received the news. She was the closest friend I ever had at that time, and it breaks my heart to part with her. Alas, life goes on I recall many eve nts that happened soon after. I did nothing but explore and learn the name of every object that I saw; and the more I handled things and learned their names and uses, the more joyous and confident grew my sense of kinship with the rest of the world. When the time came for my first day of grade school, I had my first lessons in Science and History. I learned how the sun and the rain make to grow out of the ground every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, how birds build their nest, my country’s past, how the deer, the lion, the squirrel and every other creature finds food and shelter. As my knowledge of things grew I felt more and more the delight of the world I was in. Moving on & still going strong Being a new girl in a whole new different school has been a scary concept for me. My mother opted for a new approach to my schooling. She enrolled me to Malate Catholic School where I had been studying for about a third of my life. The concept of being a new girl is that you tend to be at the bottom class. Hence, my first day wasbeing at the bottom class. The very next day, though, I was immediately told to collect my things because I was moving to the top class due to some sort of intellectual reason. I studied long and hard, maybe trying to prove myself. In this school, they calculate your ranking by term. In the first quarter, I rose to be the fourth placer, being the demise of some people who had Malate Catholic School as their Alma Mater from the start. The commencement of grade school has always one-of-a-kind experience for me. It started a series of events that I will forever treasure. Year II The start of Year II started pretty much like nay year. I studied hard, vied for top marks and gave the teachers incentive. I managed to ace every single subject, my teacher told me to go to the Department of Education to get acceleration. I received top marks for the end of the year test just as I hoped and went to get the acceleration test soon after. After much anticipation, I received my marks and it said that I am able to move up to Year4 or Year5. My mother chose the Year 4 option after much consideration. The following year changed my whole life. Year IV I met new friends, teachers and classmates. My whole class were pretty much older than me by a year. One day, my friends started teasing me that I wouldn’t be able to beat their top one from Year 3 but I studied long and hard with my mother’s guidance to prove them wrong. In the end of the school year, I became the top one, president of three clubs (maths, science and GSP), won all the academic competitions in flying colours. My inspiration for that year was my teacher’s quote, â€Å"I doesn’t matter how much you learn from this year. What matters are the lessons you learn from your mistakes.† Year V At the start of the school year, my teacher opted to choose me for presidency in the Student Council Board Members. I had to campaign this year to commence the election for the following year. My team gave out chocolates and other incentives to secure our place in the election. It was a really fun experience but in the end it was all for naught. It was then that my father went back to the Philippines. Ha came bringing with him the tidings of the past and his plan for a better future. We were to migrate to Australia the month I finished Year 5. At first I was devastated, everything that I worked so hard for; my academics, competitions and clubs; all for the grand finale of a graduation; gone down the drain of broken dreams. I had always dreamed of having my dad beside me on my graduation day, filled with pride for all of my achievements and I was most certainly not expecting this. It was all a turn for the worst, my worst nightmare came true, my hopes on getting a scholarship crushed before my eyes. It was all too much to bear, but things took an unexpected turn. My mother found out that she was pregnant with my brother. There was a lot of rejoicing for the impending wait for the first male child. Gradually, the time came for her to give birth. The Big Surprise At precisely 4 am on the 29th of January, my brother, Samuel, was born. He was a cute little bugger with two dimples that were to die for. Everyone fawned over him and being an only child for more than a decade, I felt left out. Gradually, I became more and more distant from my mother because she spent her undivided attention to my brother. It triggered my jealousy then and there. I grew to love and hate him at the same time till the most awaited day arrived.. Finally, after much anticipation, I am finally leaving the past I worked so hard to create with the help of my mother and start on a new slate. I packed my bags, went to the airport with my mother and boarded the plane in time for a long flight. At approximately 10:00 pm, 4th of April 2012, we arrived at the Sydney International Airport. My father came and escorted us to my new home. We drove off and I watched the change of scenery as it passed me by. I observed a quiet and vast landscape with trees and pigeons hovering above m head. It was a complete contrast to the hustle and bustle in my old neighbourhood. My First Day of High School The commencement of a new chapter of my life began that day. I was a naive little girl and a nervous wreck that day. I was going to be introduced to a foreign environment with no idea of what to expect whatsoever. I did my morning duties and went to school. My mother assured me that I need not to be afraid and so with an eager feeling I had my first glimpse of my new school, Canterbury Girl’s High school. At first, I felt left out because most of my classmates have already settled in and being a new girl I was pretty much a loner. To solve the problem, Mr. Anderson introduced me to Minh Doan who eventually became my friend. The concept of rollcall gave me a lot of confusion because it was the first time I have heard of the term. I finally settled in with high spirits for the following day. Friendships & Alliances â€Å"Friends may come and friends may leave but they are our friends and we will love them forever.† Over time, I met people and friendships were created. Their personalities were all different but I trust & love them all the same. Chenhui is the organized and responsible one. You can rely on her when anything needs to be done or for advice when you need one. Stephanie is the logical one and sleepyhead. She tends to sleep due to sleep deprivation from previous nights but when it comes to answering a test she will be on a roll. There’s Linda the temperamental and idle one. She’s the most carefree one among the five of us because she doesn’t care that much about schoolwork and be sure not to be near her when she gets angry. Kezang is the patient thinker. She holds us together through and through with her patience and intellectual skills. In my outer circle, I also found people who I can have intellectual conversations, verbal sparring and enjoyment with. Anna is the one with mathematical skills and the strongest one. She solves mathematical problems with ease and never backs done a challenge when it comes to testing her strength. Nabila and Jill are the ones who I can have intellectual conversations with. They know and feel my passion for books especially if it is about Harry Potter. For every act of discipline comes a troublemaker, Tina Gavin. She breaks rules occasionally within her line of reason but amidst all her mischievous ways she has a soft side that she reveals to people she knows she can trust. She adds the spice and arguments that greatly entertains the class but has certain consequences much to the teacher’s chagrin. I love my friends and I would wish for nothing more. They have helped go through my hectic schedule, the stress of schoolwork and even helping me leave the shell of the person I used to be. My education started at Canterbury Girls’ High School on the year 2012 without knowing the adventures tha t will expand my knowledge of everyday life and how to â€Å"seize the day†. My own perspective of the way things are changed from that day onwards. I have learned about The Aboriginal perspective and their way of life. Mathematics became a form of innovation with complicated calculations involved. Events also happened among the staff of great importance. Ms.Salakas and Ms. Hunter were both betrothed in Year 7. Teachers came and went while imparting with me the most valuable treasure; knowledge, something that cannot be taken away from me. Mr. Sim, Ms.Moodie and Mr.Kazzi taught me maths in varying methods and for some reason they all seem to have a humorous flair that never ceased to make me laugh. Ms. Barry, Ms. Slattery and Ms.Magoffin widened my vocabulary and eventually made me verbose or eloquent; or so that is what my friends thought. Ms.Salakas taught me Incan history packed with fun-filled activities without any heavy burden but it was Mr. Robertson who pioneered my knowledge in Aboriginal History. He made every lesson fun and interesting. There was this one time where we had to improvise with aluminium foil for our topic about chivalry. We had a goodbye party for him to conclude the year and to thank him for all the memories and laughter forever etched in our hearts. I suppose there were also the times when some of my teachers get angry due the class’ antics but in the end it was all for our benefit. They all made me laugh once in a while imparting knowledge, skills and experiences that were invaluable. I could never thank them enough for teaching me and guiding me on things I do not understand. Another Twist in the story In the middle of Year 8, earth-shattering news came. My mother was pregnant for the second time. At precisely, 6:00 am, the 13th of September 2013 Elizabeth Nicole was introduced to this world. We were 13 years apart. It seemed ironic at that time because it she was also born on a Friday the 13th. She was the cutest little thing at 7 months. I took turns on taking care of her during the holidays, it was hard and being an amateur made it even more difficult. My babysitting schedule was both informative and interesting. I learned new life skills which can help me when I start my own family in the probable future. The start of Year 9 opened up a new door for possibilities and surprises. New Subjects such as History Elective and Work Education had been introduced. I had new teachers, some familiar and others unfamiliar. Year 9 has been stressful compared to the previous years with a huge amount of workload. Luckily, my family and friends support all the way. A Way to pass Time For as long as I could remember, I have alwaysbeen an indoor person. It was all because of my mother’s over protectiveness when I was still the only child. My love and passion for books started when I was nine years old. My cousin, Lirashen introduced me to the series of Percy Jackson and the Olympians. It was a highly suspenseful and captivating series that bound me to read it over and over again. Over time, I have read the Artemis Fowl, The Nicholas Flamel series and much more. My love for volleyball started during the summer holiday of 2008 when my cousin from Canada visited us. She taught me the basic skills of volleyball and the gist of it. Jennifer was the most extraordinary player I have ever seen. She moves with easy grace combined with her exceptional skill. From that day onwards, I have shared her love and passion for the sport and plays volleyball to this day. My Hope for a Better Future â€Å"Our future can be determined by us and us alone. Ever since I was little I have always dreamed of being a doctor. My desire only grew when I went to grade school as my knowledge about the subject broadens.I am still unsure about my plans about the future but I have vague recollections of my plans from the previous years. My parents have been always telling to pursue a medical degree, and if possible an orthopaedic doctor. Now that I am in Year 9, I want to pursue a career in medicine. In my perspective, people cannot plan for an exact result; there would always be obstacles in the way no matter what. â€Å"Great Expectations lead to Disappointments†, my mother once told me. My father on the contrary told me that, it does not matter how great your expectations are as long as you persevere and have faith that you will go through every obstacle that comes in your way no matter what happens. My Life My life has been a series of winding paths and inevitable occurrences. Who would have thought that after a decade of waiting that there would still be a possibility of me having a sibling? Miracles have happened in my life in the most surprising circumstances and for that I am thankful. I have met people who helped me see the world in a whole new perspective. I made mistakes it h past but that is all part of growing up. I travelled across the world from Africa to Asia witnessing cultural perspectives unfolding before my eyes. Stereotypes were blurred as I discovered that every person is unique in their own way. Life can be relentless and cruel at times but in the end lessons are learnt. I don’t regret a single day of my life as I divulge trough hardships and laughter. I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul. My family helped through my ups and downs. They made life worth living for and I don’t know what I would do without them. Belonging, what is it? I believe belonging is when you can say that you are a part of something, when you have a group or a club or even a lifestyle that other people share. In short, I believe that a sense of belonging can be found in the things or people that have shared the same experiences, both good and bad, because we can identify ourselves in those people. Today we will be exploring this idea of belonging in two texts; one is the of poems â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† and â€Å"St Patrick’s College†, by Polish-born Australian poet, Peter Skrzynecki, and the other text is the 2012 movie â€Å"Wreck it Ralph†, directed by Rich Moore. The poems â€Å"St Patricks College† and â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† both deal with the notion of self-isolation and an inability to relate to the people that surround a persona. In both poems, we can assume that the persona is Peter Skrzynecki himself. In â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† he talks about how he could never relate to his father and his father’s friends when they would reminisce of their lives in Poland. He feels a sense of distance between himself and his parents’ culture that, as he says in the poem, he â€Å"inherited unknowingly†. In the poem â€Å"In the folk museum†, dissociation from a culture is also portrayed, but this time it is about the persona’s lack of connection to the Australian culture. The persona describes the things he sees in the museum as if they are foreign and unknown to him, so much so that he has to read the names of the objects to know what they are. A reason why the poet doesn’t feel he can relate may be because he doesn’t share the same experiences and doesn’t have the same traditions and customs that other people, both his Eastern European parents had and his Australian culture, would have shared. He can’t relate, or reminisce, or appreciate either of his two cultures, because he has never known enough about them to have an emotional attachment, and it is this lack of attachment that prevents him fr om feeling a sense of inclusion. The sense of exclusion from a group is also present in the film â€Å"Wreck It Ralph†. Ralph, who was the â€Å"bad guy† in an arcade game, was constantly ostracised from the rest of the characters in the game. He lived on a pile of bricks far away from everyone else. He, like Peter Skrzynecki, was often segregated from everyone else, except in the film, the exclusion was  intentional. In the same way Skrzynecki couldn’t help not being able to relate to his father, Ralph couldn’t help but break things, and the more he broke things, the more he would be distanced from the others in the game. He would have felt helpless and isolated, and his hunger to belong with everyone else is what made him escape his game in search of a medal to prove with worth. In one scene of the movie, Ralph is seen attending a â€Å"Bad-Anon†, a support group for the villains in the arcade games. Here he is able to communicate his ideas and feelings to people who feel the same and go through the same things. Ralph can identify himself in the support group because they all share the same experiences. This act of comradery indicates that Ralph does in fact know how to connect to others, but that his problem is that there is simply no-one for him to establish that friendship with. Another protagonist in the film, Vanellope, also suffers from isolation and exclusion. When she meets Ralph, she expects him to exclude her as other people do, but upon learning that he too is a rejected outcast, she reaches out to him and they become friends. This is a good example of how past experiences influence where we feel we belong. Their bond strengthens as the plot progresses, and as both Ralph and Vanellope grow closer and closer, their personalities grow and they develop trait that they didn’t have before they had friends. Vanellope gains a sense of assertiveness, and Ralph learns to respect and consider people’s feelings. The characters in both the poems and the film both show the concept of not belonging. It is a theme that appears in art and modern media constantly, and portrays the idea that our experiences, both good and bad, influence who or where we feel we belong. We all root for the ones that overcome obstacles and win battles despite having disadvantages. We all root for the underdog; because we, as an audience, identify ourselves in them; because we have all, at one point or another, felt the same.

Ethics of Sex Education in Public Schools Essay

Ethics of Sex Education in Public Schools - Essay Example irst understand and realize that the agencies involved in implementing these policies are in reality the Federal government, the state, the local agencies, the school board of education, the teachers and finally the students. Sex education is of vital importance and needs to be taught by an expert who is trained to impart a sensitive issue, the synonym of which is symbolic to the attitudes, beliefs and values of a stable mind set, in an expert manner. While the Federal government is the overall authority in formulating policies, it does not take interest in the execution of sex education principles and thus relies heavily on the state and local bodies for the same. (Irvine, 2002) At the same time, as all the major funding activities pertaining to the school education system is done by the Federal government and hence, it has the right to exercise control over the ways and means of compiling and executing the policies pertaining to sex education in a public school environment. On the whole, it is the state and the local bodies, with special regards to the school education board and the related teachers, who influence the curriculum and execute it to perfection. Hence, a majority of decisions are ideally made at the local level. (Irvine, 2002) It has to be noted that a state mandate is essential to implement a particular curriculum regardless of what the school thinks about it. For example, if the state mandate requires schools to include HIV/AIDS or the risk of having sex with multiple partners, the local body has no choice but to implement the same in their school prospectus. Similarly, if the state mandate puts a restriction on the use of HIV/AIDS or the risk of having sex with multiple partners, the local bodies would have to do as told and cannot overrule the state decision. (Went, 1985) The content of sex education is not fixed and varies in accordance to the community and the age of the students enrolled in the program. In all honesty, the course

Quantitative Methods Individual work wk4 Assignment

Quantitative Methods Individual work wk4 - Assignment Example In conservative approach, there will be determination of the minimum payoff in each alternative that are available. The second step using the approach will involve selection of an alternative that maximized the minimum payoff that can be obtained. Basing on this approach, the maximum of minimum payoff values, the recommend alternative is decision one with the third state of nature 25. The mind max regret approach involves evaluation of each alternative available in terms of maximum and minimum regret values that are able to occur. In the consideration, the second alternative will apply as compared to the first alternative. In making decision on the plant size to construct, the recreational products will be demanded most in large company except due to low demand periods. The best alternative that the company is able to go for is small size plant. During low demand, the firm when puts up a large size will gain less profit as compared to small firms but when the demand rises, the demand is equal in medium demand and higher in high demand. The small size farm will be appropriate as there is no much loss that is incurred in all demand seasons. From the decision tree, in case the firm starts the project at 5 million dollars it has the probability of failing and succeeding in the investment. In case the firm is successful and decides to build the facility that they operate, the firm is exposed to different profits in different demand situation. If the business decides to have sell rights after it is successful, the business will gain 20 million as the profit. In this situation, the business should invest and start the project. After the project is started, the business should then make sure to focus on the success of the project. When the project becomes successful, the business will invest in building the facility such that high demand will lead to more profit than the firm invested. The selling price of the rights to the product will be 25 million dollars

Marketing and Promotion Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Marketing and Promotion Plan - Essay Example Although H&M has already established its concern for environmental issues as clearly stated in their company website, Fashion Brand Nature believes that there is still much to improve in their production processes and that corresponding campaigns must be implemented to guarantee the target market that the company is really aware of their social responsibilities. The Promotions Plan, while aiming at asserting social and environmental consciousness for the H&M brand, also aims to propel the company into further market triumph as it doesn’t only become commercially successful but is also keen in playing important roles in the society and environment as well. For the longest time, this has been H&M’s battle cry in the Fashion Industry. Offering inexpensive but trendy clothes for over six decades now, H&M has presence in key countries and cities worldwide, having 1,500 stores in 28 countries by the end of 2007. H&M offers fashion for women, men, teenagers and children. The collections are created centrally by around 100 in-house designers together with buyers and pattern makers. The stores are refreshed daily with new fashion items. H&M does not own any factory, but instead buys its goods from around 800 independent suppliers, primarily in Asia and Europe. It also offers own-brand cosmetics, accessories and footwear. It applies a broad differentiated strategy where they offer a wide variety of products to serve various target groups. ). Furthermore, H&M ensures the best price for their goods by doing market survey and research and acquiring depth and breadth of knowledge within every aspect of textile production; buying the right goods from the right market, buying large volumes and efficient distribution mechanism H&M employs about 68,000 people and has about 20 production offices around the world, mainly in Asia and Europe (H&M in Brief. 2008). It has a design and buying department, which creates H&Ms

List given to choose from Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

List given to choose from - Research Paper Example This book made the Berlin Wall a more emotional experience for me as a reader. Beller, Miles. American datelines: major news stories from colonial times to the present. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003. Print This book highlights landmarks and milestones in American history, based on news stories from the colonial period until the present. It is a compilation of news articles from the initial copies of Boston News to the current major publications. This book features newsworthy additions on the accounts of the fall of the Berlin Wall, as well as the Clinton Impeachment and the OJ Simpson trial. This book helped me gain a general perspective of various landmark events in American history. It provided an account of the fall of the Berlin wall which was written from an American perspective. Through such accounts, I was able to gain a general perspective of the Berlin wall. Brager, Bruce. The Iron Curtain: the Cold War in Europe. London: Infobase Publishing, 2004. Print. This book presents an analytical approach to the issue of political boundaries in the world. It studies the Central European part of the Cold War, presenting the peaceful and dangerous competition between the US and the Soviet Union. It also establishes the origins of the Iron Curtain from its start during the end of the Second World War to its end during the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. This book provided a European perspective of the Cold War, including the impact of the Berlin Wall on Germany and on the rest of Europe. This perspective enabled me to understand why the wall was built in the aftermath of the Second World War and in the advent of the Cold War. Chapin, Wesley. Germany for the Germans?: the political effects of international migration. London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. Print. This book evaluates the impact on migration on German society. It reviews migration in the face of its political and modern history. This analysis indicates the impact of Germans, in the i mmediate aftermath of WWII, migrating to other countries on the countries they were migrating to as well as to their homeland. This study was undertaken in order to provide an analytical discussion for international relations, comparative politics, and migration. This book provided an analysis of the Berlin Wall based on the trends of migration and their impact on the Germans. It helped me understand the Berlin wall based on the discussion of emigration, in the light of the actual building of the wall and its impact on the economy of Germany with its recruitment of foreign guest workers. Davey, Thomas. A generation divided: German children and the Berlin wall. London: Duke University Press, 1987. Print. This book is largely based on the author’s interviews with children at both sides of the Wall. The author also gathered information by participating in their daily lives, collecting their drawings, conversing with their teachers and family members, and basically assessing how children can be attentive to what is going on in their country. This study presents a powerful book and a dramatic image of the younger generations of Berliners coping with the complicated political scenes which have caused the division of Berlin. This book gave another personal outlook of the Berlin Wall and its impact on the citizens, most especially the younger generation of Berliners. It gave me a different outlook on the impact of the

Experiment 2 Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Experiment 2 - Lab Report Example Equation for Archimedes buoyancy force is; Fb = g(mobject – mair), where Fb = buoyancy force, g = gravitational acceleration, and m = mass. On the other hand, Avogadro’s laws allows for the determination of a gas’ volume at a given density. Equation for Avogadro’s law is; molar mass/densitySTP = 22.415L/mole. By determining the volume and mass of any gas, it becomes easy to deduce a gas’ molar mass (Peck 68). This experiment involved determining the molar masses of hydrogen and helium; gases that are less dense than air. Prior to commencement of the experiment, appropriate safety requirements were performed. First, use of safety goggles and lab coats was prioritized. Secondly, water spilled on the floor was wiped in order to prevent slippage of students during the experiment. Finally, any chance of hydrogen ignition was considered, especially adherence to the use of fumed hood and prevention of static electricity. After the safety considerations, procedural steps of the experiment were performed. The volume of the pitcher was measured using a graduated cylinder. Simultaneously, the balloon was prepared by inflating it with either hydrogen or helium and subsequently weighed. Either excess balloon was cut off or additional pieces of strings added to the balloon setup until the balloon could float in air. Next, the pitcher setup was performed by immersion into water and the balloon gas transferred into the immersed pitcher. Finally, the gas’ volume was measured together with other relevant parameters like air pressure and environmental temperature. As a means of facilitating consistency and precision, three trials were performed for both hydrogen and helium. Data and results from each step of the experiment were recorded in the sheet below. Based on the data collected during the experiment, the calculated average molar mass of hydrogen is 2.107 g/mol while that of helium is 1.14 g/mol. The

Contract law incorporation notice UCTA 1977 Essay - 1

Contract law incorporation notice UCTA 1977 - Essay Example On its face it has the name, address and logo of MML and Juicy Drinks Limited’s name together with the date of hire on 6 July 11.00 am until 6pm. There are no clauses on the face of the booking slip, however it ushers for the reader to refer to the reverse side of the paper for the clauses. On the back of the booking slip there are many clauses in small print. One of those clauses stated that MML will not be liable for any faults in the marquee or for any loss caused by bad weather that prevents the marquee being raised. Another clause states that the marquee must be vacated by 7pm on the day of hire. Unfortunately, on 6 July there is a horrendous thunderstorm and the marquee cannot be raised until 3pm on that given date. Meanwhile Joseph’s potential customers have had no shelter from the torrential rain nor any refreshment since 11 am. They tell Joseph that they will never buy from him and do not sign the lucrative sales contract. To drown their sorrows Joseph and his team enter the marquee eventually at 3 pm and don’t leave until 9 pm. Juicy Drinks refuse to pay for the remainder of the hire charge and sued MML in the High Court for breach of contract with losses to include loss of the valuable sales contract with their potential customers. (i) The clause that MML were not liable for any loss had not been incorporated in the contract because insufficient notice had been given (Interfoto Picture Library v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd [1988] applied). Witter J therefore awarded Juicy Drinks Limited damages for breach of contract including loss of profit from the new customer. MML has decided to appeal against this decision to the Moot Court of Appeal. Acting as counsel for the appellant MML prepare a skeleton argument for your client dealing with both of these points. 2. The Appellant is a hirer of marquees and has been in business for the past twelve years. The Appellant’s business supplies marquees to businesses and

The Gun Lobby as an Interest Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Gun Lobby as an Interest Group - Essay Example In this case, the principles held by interest groups aim at effecting some government policies by benefiting themselves and to push for their cause. The typical objectives of these groups are to benefit some members of the society or fight for a general cause that affects the boarder citizen population. Lobby groups are common in mature democracies where public opinions matters in governing systems (Theodore and Ginsbergh 247). In this regard, there are numerous interest groups operating within the American population. All the interest groups found amidst the American social, political and economic systems aims at pushing for recognition by the government (Rosenthal 21). Their principles aim at gaining a result that satisfies some members of the society. Based on the theoretical appraisal of interest groups, gun lobby is one of the interest groups in the US. This group aims at voicing their concerns to the federal and state governing authorities. In addition, these interest groups ai m at pushing the government towards addressing the needs of the interested stakeholders. National Rifle Association or the NRA is the lobby group concerned with gun policies in the US. In this essay, we will evaluate the context of gun regulations with respect to the role played by NRA in influencing gun policies. Based on an informed state of affairs, it is rational to state that NRA hinders the implementation of safe gun policies by the federal and state governing systems (Pilkington 24). From a theoretical perspective, interest groups play a crucial role in a democratic society. The efforts and principles adopted by lobby groups can present both the positive and the negative effect to the subject society. The process of pushing for recognition of some views by a nation’s citizens is the backbone of democracy and public liberty. Interest groups are one of the tools meant to bring about the aspect of social justice (Theodore and Ginsbergh 261). Division along lines of race a nd material wealth characterizes the American population. Therefore, the society needs systems meant to address these pronounced inequalities through civilized processes like lobbying. According to concepts of political science, all interest groups are free to present their opinions without fear. The democratic governing system that characterizes America’s political, social and economic systems aim at achieving a state of compromise in cases of conflicts between any concerned parties (Selway 15). In this regard, the American government presents NRA with an opportunity to communicate their views concerning gun policies in the US. Therefore, NRA is free to push for legislation and enactment of policies that guide gun use within the American population. However, it would be logical and rational to acknowledge the fact that liberalized gun use within the American society has resulted in a social menace which should be addressed by the government. Incidences of deaths and murder a re on the rise and relaxed gun policies are responsible for this deplorable state of affairs. NRA plays a substantial role in influencing the government on structuring policies that govern gun business. The role played by NRA in influencing gun policies presents new challenges to the society. Some government authorities both at the federal and state level are striving to device mechanisms of curbing the gun menace among the

Principles of Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of Accounting - Essay Example Whenever any individual wants to invest in any certain industry then he must research about the scope of the industry. Whether the industry is profitable or not, who are the giant players at this time in the market, how these giant players can restrict any new entrant in the market and all these type of questions must be answered initially before going for an investment. If the feasibility of any project is not completed before its start up then the chances of success are surely reduced. Another important consideration is to check one’s own interest towards the new venture. If the specific individual is not capable of grabbing that investment opportunity then he may not be able to take it successfully. The external factors play a very important role in the operations of a single firm. Therefore it is necessary to check these external factors not only their influence but also its intensity on the specific venture or the company which we are going to take on. Markets trends are very much important because they help to devise the strategies to operate in the market. Demand plays a very important role to boost up the profit margins of the company. It is important to check whether the products or the services which the specific company or we can say hotel in our case is offering, are fulfilling the public demands or not. Whether the company has good reputation in the customer’s minds or not? It is also a worth considerable point that either the firm is just covering its costs or also making profits. Whenever we are going to talk with the owner of the company which we are going to purchase, there are certain things which should be clarified before any further negotiation. We should ask the owner about the track record the hotel. Track record means the reputation of the hotel in the industry or we can say the market. The owner should be asked about the capability or in other words we can say

Normal Essay Example for Free

Normal Essay In the movie, the normal people of the population of Earth viewed the mutant population as a harmful and negative source of species. The different species of humans had powers that amassed more than the average humans could do or possibly wish to posses and use. In historical reality amongst our real timeline people didnt like colored people within their social settings or gatherings/properties because they believed they had the right to own what they viewed as lesser or different amongst their superior race or species, slavery came into effect. Following the use of slavery led to the abuse of power amongst humans: returning to the cinematic world of X-Men, Nightcrawler, a teleporting mutant, who tries to assassinate the President of the United States if first viewed to have his own personal agenda against the normal human race. The attempt of assassination is later revealed to be a manipulated plot by a normal human, Stryker, a military official with a background of abuse and owner of humans, a master in a sort of manner, with the use of his mutant sons brain excretions to control other mutants he places mutant humans as slaves around him and shows off the great accomplishments he can achieve by modifying or attempting to destroy them to better please other parties, be it even if these parties are mental anguishes and respite in Strykers mind. Government manipulation of general public views and media is shown here, as well as systematic abuse on human rights. Governments have been know to implement their ideals or views of grandeur upon the general population. Be it secret labs, experiments, mind control methods, banning of contrabands, or even assassination plots; many of these have been revealed over the years through efforts under the judicial system and free radicals (hackers and such). Within the movie a military official, Stryker, uses the weakness of certain different species of human to manipulate the power of the government on his side, first in the means of assassination, then the use of information through interrogation on inhumane matters, finally the right to authority and abuse of power to implement his own views. Even the lower tier party of the movie (the mutants) begin to show a basic Master/Slave dialect by means of the mutants not applying much effort to portray their innocence while the humans side constantly places efforts and strains to only show their beliefs of a correct world and system without the second party members, mutants.

Security And Confidentiality On The Internet Information Technology Essay

Security And Confidentiality On The Internet Information Technology Essay On 9th of November 2009 The Internet teacher requested 3000 word report related to the FETAC Internet module. This report was to be submitted by 14th of January2010. The topic of the report is Security and Confidentiality on the Internet with reference to cookies, viruses, encryption, digital signatures, firewalls, filtering software and personal privacy. Recommendations were requested. 2. Method of Procedure I found most of the information on the internet. In order to obtain the relevant information, I used Google Search Engine with keywords in English: Internet Security, Privacy on the Internet, Malware, Computer Viruses, Cookies, Firewalls, Filtering Software, Encryption, Digital Signatures, Computer Protection, Threats on the Internet. Keywords in Lithuanian: Privatumas Internete, Saugumas Intenete, Kompiuteriniai Virusai, UgniasienÄ-s, Filtravimo PrgraminÄ- Ä ®ranga, Ã…Â  ifravimas, Skaitmeninis ParaÃ…Â ¡as, Pavojai Internete. Also, some printed sources of information such as books and a periodical press in English and Lithaunian were adopted. Several pages for each topic were checked to confirm that the information was correct and fully understud. That hepled me to make conclusions and to give recommendations. 3. Findings 3.1 Importance of Subject With the progress of affordable technology more of us store more and more of our life in bits and bytes. By the end of 2009 there was more than 1,5 billion Internet users in 260 countries on every continent. The Internet is not a single network, but a vast array of connected networks situated all over the world, easily accessible by personal computers, notebooks, netbooks, smartphones, PDAs, game consoles, advanced TVs, same photo cameras or even kitchen appliances as hi-tech fridges and microwaves in a variety of ways. Today, the Internet uses gateways, routers, broadband connections, Wi-Fi spots and Internet service providers (ISPs) to make itself available at all times. Individuals and organizations worldwide can reach almost any point on the network without regard to national or geographic boundaries or time of day, there is some exceptions regarding to Internet censorship. Nowadays, it become hard to find the business without any connection to the Internet, because of its excellent source of marketing, convenience, high speed, low cost, and almost unlimited possibilities. Institutions of education, hospitals, banks, institutions of public service, providers of mobile service and internet, utility companies and of course our government has our personal information on their computers and they are connected to the Internet. With the birth of Social Networking Sites such as Bebo, Facebook, MySace, Twitter ect., we sharing our pictures, personal details, our thoughts and lives with friends and if we are not careful with everybody on the Internet. Just Facebook on its own has more than 400 million users. Even more, with new generation of Internet- Cloud Computing, individuals and business users are storing less data on their hard drives and more in the cloud- remote servers, operated by giants like Google and Amazon. However, while using the Internet, along with the convenience and speed of access to information come new risks. Among them are the risks that valuable information will be lost, stolen, corrupted, or misused and that the computer systems will be corrupted. If information is recorded electronically and is available on networked computers, it is more vulnerable than if the same information is printed on paper and locked in a file cabinet. Intruders do not need to enter an office or home, and may not even be in the same country. They can steal or tamper with information without touching a piece of paper or a photocopier. They can create new electronic files, run their own programs, and even hide all evidence of their unauthorized activity. So if we are closing and locking the door in our house to prevent criminals gain access to our valuables, we must take care of our house and life in the digital world and use all possible security and privacy on the Internet measures against the threats. WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS World Regions Population ( 2009 Est.) Internet Users Dec.31,2000 Internet Users Latest Data Penetration (%Population) Growth 2000-2009 Users %of Table Africa 991,002,342 4,514,400 67,371,700 6.8 % 1,392.4% 3.9 % Asia 3,808,070,503 114,304,000 738,257,230 19.4 % 545.9 % 42.6 % Europe 803,850,858 105,096,093 418,029,796 52.0 % 297.8 % 24.1 % Middle East 202,687,005 3,284,800 57,425,046 28.3 % 1,648.2% 3.3 % North America 340,831,831 108,096,800 252,908,000 74.2 % 134.0 % 14.6 % Latin America/Caribbean 586,662,468 18,068,919 179,031,479 30.5 % 890.8 % 10.3 % Oceania / Australia 34,700,201 7,620,480 20,970,490 60.4 % 175.2 % 1.2 % WORLD TOTAL 6,767,805,208 360,985,492 1,733,993,741 25.6 % 380.3 % 100.0 % Copyright  © 2001 2009, Miniwatts Marketing Group 3.2 Personal Privacy Total privacy does not exist on the Internet, but it is possible to minimize the risks. Most security breaches are not done by technology, but by social engineering. In security, people is the most risky factor of all, yet its the one thing thats often forgotten. A company may setup firewalls, security software, locks and fingerprint scanners, but if they forget to establish and enforce a well designed security policy, they have forgotten the most important part. The easiest way to get a password from someone is just to ask! In more likely situations, an attacker may simply call random people and pretend they are a tech support person trying to fix a problem, and ask for confidential information as part of the diagnostic. Pretexting Pretexting is the way of stealing information by providing just a little bit of known information, and pretending to be someone youre not. Thats how identity thieves can call banks and, after a few tries, by simply providing basic information about the target, get all the data they want. Phishing Phishing is when you receive an email that looks like its from your bank, Paypal, online shop or another secure site you use, and asking you to login to confirm your information. It works in this way: the criminals sets up a website which looks like the genuine one and then sends phishing email to thousands of people, until they find somebody. Then when the person tries to login, his login information is intercepted by the bad guys and used to steal valuable information. Malware Malicious programs, especially Key loggers can record what keys on the keyboard you are pressing when login to secure websites, to obtain your username and password. Often Key loggers are incorporated together with Trojan Viruses, programs which pretends to be useful software i.e. antivirus or computer maintenance programs, to send stolen information to the criminals. Privacy threats on Social Networking Sites Internet users have to be very careful with the private information that they share on the web. Internet is becoming very popular way to communicate with people. Most people who give too much of private information about themselves arent aware about the risks they taking. There are people who can pretend to be your friends, gain information and use this information against you for blackmailing, psychological terror or for access to secure private pages. Conclusions and Recommendations The offenders are always inventing new methods to steal private information. We have to be aware about that, constantly refresh our knowledge about security and existing scam schemes and take all possible security measures by using trusted up to date security software. Never click a link in an email from unknown sender, never download from an untrusted source, and always type in the address of your financial sites to access them. Need to avoid to disclose sensitive information online especially to the people we dont know very well. Also we have to remember that these attacks also can be done offline. Most identity thefts are done by people simply going through rubbish bins and getting confidential data that was thrown out, like a bank statements, invoices, payslips ect. We cant do much to secure our personal data collected and stored by businesses and institutions which can also be stolen or misused, just hope that they will take same good care as we do. 3.3 Cookies What are Cookies? Cookies are a piece of text that a web server sends to web browser and are stored on a users hard disk. Main purpose of cookies is to help prepare customized web pages with our settings, interests, browsing habits. It works in similar way to loyalty cards i.e. if we bought a book in Amazon internet shop, next time when we come back to Amazon first it will offer similar books to our purchase. Cookies do not act maliciously on computer systems. They are text files that can be deleted at any time. Cookies cant be used to spread viruses. But because any personal information that we gave to a web site will be stored in a cookie some people can accept it as a threat to privacy and anonymity. To prevent misuse of information in the cookie if its stolen, information in the cookie is encrypted. How do They Work? When we visit a site that uses cookies, it can ask the browser to place one or more cookies on the visitors hard drive. It will contain our name and password, fill in form i.e. delivery addresses and basically what we do in the page. Next time, when we come back to the site the web browser sends back the cookies that belong to the site and then we will see personalized Web page with our details. Generally cookies help us to save a little bit of time. And we always have possibility to switch it off, however internet shopping web pages requires cookies to accesses them. How Could I Prevent/Manage Cookies? If we want to delete cookies we have to follow these steps: Internet Explorer: Tools /Internet options/Security /Set security level to high or custom level/Cookies/Disable. Mozilla Firefox: Tools/Options/Privacy/Cookies/Uncheck/Allow sites to set cookies Other options are to use designated Cookie Managing software or to use advanced Antivirus programs which also have the option to control cookies, to block cookies that we dont want and save only the cookies that we want. Conclusions and Recommendations I think that cookies are useful because we can get personalized information to read, do not spend time on security questions where it is necessary to enter a password, we dont have to spend time filling up same forms. Cookies do not collect information saved in the computer, it can contain only private data that we give to a website on our own free will. And if we dont want some cookies we are able to remove them from computer when we want. Some websites such as internet banking, e-shops and similar are impossible to use properly without allowing the cookies. 3.4 Viruses What is a Virus? Computer viruses are small malicious program codes, which are designed by using various techniques to hide themselves inside the executable files. Their aim is to replicate, spread between the computers using removable media or network and to interfere with computer operation: slowing down computer, damaging or deleting data, disturbing users and wasting time by showing annoying massages. Virus can be classified by several characteristic: depend on the origin, on the way how they infect computer, on the place where they hide, on the damage that they can cause However, the computer virus is only one type of the malicious software or malware, but majority of computer users referring to all malicious programs (Trojan horses, worms, rootkits, spyware etc.) as the viruses. Type of Virus Different viruses can have many common characteristics and constantly appearing viruses with new specifications or combinations. Resident Virus. Loads the replication module into RAM memory when is executed, after this virus can infect all files that are accessed by user or operating system. If the antivirus program fails to spot the virus in the RAM it can infect all scanned files. FAT Virus. The File Allocation Table is a fundamental element in the system it works like an index, keeping information where is the files stores on the hard disk drive (HDD), which sectors are empty etc. If this vital index is destroyed by virus, it makes impossible for computer to locate files. It also can overwrite the files or entire directories corrupting them permanently. Sometimes the only solution to fix the computer affected by FAT virus is to format hard disk drive. Huge downside of this is that all information on HDD will be permanently erased. Virus of Direct-Action. Sometimes referred as Non-Resident Virus, they are unlike to resident virus, not loading in to RAM memory. They try to infect the programs and cause damage at the moment of execution of infected file. Most of viruses are Resident. Overwriting Virus. Most destructible type of virus, it overwrites the information in the infected files corrupting them permanently. If you dont have the back-up copy of your files its a bad news because the only way to get rid of this type of virus is to delete infected files. Boot Virus. Also known as System Virus. These viruses infect critical section with boot code on hard disk or another bootable media storage that helps to start computer. When the computer starts up and the boot virus is launched, it can take complete control over infected computer and does everything it wants (steal private information, delete system files etc.) Clean bootable antivirus software required to disinfect the system. However depend on the virus this solution is not enough to clean bootable sector. Macro Virus. Macros are micro-programs associated with a file that serve to automate joint complexes of operation. Macro virus expand from applications which use macro, word document (file with extension .doc),Excel (file with extension .xls) data of Access (file with extension .mdb), Power point (file with extension .pps). When we open a file containing a virus of this type of macros are automatically loaded causing the infection. Most applications that use macros have, but many macro viruses easily circumvent this protection. Multipartite Virus.Very advanced type of virus that can perform multiple infections combining different techniques. These viruses are considered very dangerous, for its ability to combine many techniques of infection and harmful effects of their actions. File Virus. Infect programs or executable files (files with extension .ex and .com) when run the infected program, the virus becomes active, producing different effects. The majority of exiting viruses are of this type. Logic Bombs.Neither virus is considered strictly as they do not reproduce. They are not separate programs, but hides in an unmarked segment within another program.They aim to destroy the data on a computer or cause other significant damage on it when certain conditions are met. While this does not happen, no one notices the presence of the logic bomb. Its action can be extremely destructive. Trojan Virus.Trojan arent considered virus, because they dont replicate themselves. Trojans are commonly hidden in the programs that appliers to be useful, but instead opens unauthorized access to users computer. Trojans also can be installed thorough web pages with executable content (ActiveX control), email attachements. The effects of the Trojan can be very dangerous, allowing remote control from other computer (downloading, uploading, modifying or deleting files), installing key loggers and other malware, connecting computer to botnet (sending SPAM messages, perform network DDos attacks). How can computers become infected and what damage can cause? Viruses can infect computers through: Internet (email attachments, infected web pages, downloading infected files) Computer networks Removable Media Drives Virus Symptoms: The computer runs very slow Reduces the available memory The computer shuts down or freeze frequently There are programs which do not work or malfunction There is less free space on your hard disk Computer files disappear Strange messages appear on the screen. Some file are renamed or extended Conclusions and Recommendations Not everything that affects the normal functioning of a computer is a virus. Is very important to have means to detect and disinfect viruses use an antivirus program and update daily (use default settings). Scan all removable disks before use it and scan computer periodically at least once a week. 3.5 Firewall A firewall is a system that protects a computer or computer networks blocking unauthorized network access while permitting authorized communications. Firewall can be implemented in software, hardware or combination of both. Firewall is placed between protected and unprotected networks and acts as a gate to protect network or single computer, by inspecting network traffic, applying rules and allowing or denying connection. Firewall can use different techniques to do so: Packet filter (inspects every information packet passing through the network) Application gateway (applies rules to specific applications such as FTP, Telnet servers.) Circuit-level gateway(applies rules to TCP or UDP connections, when are made there is no further inspection.) Proxy Server (checks all network activity passing through network.) Conclusions and Recommendations Everyone should use a firewall against network intruders to protect computer and private information. Most of the antivirus programs and operating systems have integrated firewall software. Minor disadvantage of firewall, it can slow down Internet traffic and can be tricky for not advanced users to set-up it properly (not blocking traffic for useful programs). 3.6 Filtering Software The filtering software is designed to control what contents are allowed to be accessed on Internet. Often its installed on the computers of educational, government organizations, private companies. Filtering software is commonly used by parents to prevent their children from having access to certain web places unsuitable for minors. It also can be used as the mean of censorship in some countries. How does it work? Nowadays on the market there are many options of filtering software with various techniques and content filtering to prevent from harmful online material. The filtering programs works like that: Address blocking websites containing such content Controlling access times Accepting default address list Possible to establish your own list of addresses Assigning different profiles or different days and times(work, leisure, etc.) Controlling which services can be used at any time and for each user (mail, chat, etc.) Advantages and disadvantages of Filtering Software. Advantage of filtering software is that does not allow minor to access pages of violence, pornography, racism. In a work place it prevents employees of wasting their time and resources for personal proposes (chatting online, social network pages, etc.). Main disadvantage is over-zealous filtering. Par example, in some filters attempts to block the word sex would block words such as Essex and Sussex and etc. Internet censorship in some countries limits freedom of speech for different reasons and that is not a good thing. Some Filtering Software examples. Netnanny, Mobicop, DansGuard, CleanFeed,Web Sence 3.7 Encryption Its a method to convert the characters of a text that can not be understood unless it is read with the corresponding key. Used to protect the integrity of secret information if it is intercepted. Encryption is also used when data is sent via secure intranet (VSPN). Encryption is used for electronic commerce to protect credit card information. How does it work? The keys are the heart of the encryption. The keys are complex mathematical formulas (algorithms) used to encrypt and decrypt information. If someone encrypts a message, only one with the appropriate key can decrypt the message. Algorithms are used to perform a hash function. This process produces a unique MD5 for this message. The MD5 is encrypted with the senders private key resulting in a fingerprint. Conclusions and Recommendations Everyone who has and important or secret information (banks, hospitals, government, universities, e-commerce sites) they have to keep this information in secret from fraudsters. In recent years, it was few cases when portable computers of government organizations with secret information were lost or stolen. Laptops (portable computers) became more and more popular and most of us have some kind of personal information on our computers. So it is very important to have that information encrypted, in case of losing it. 3.8 Digital Signatures A set of data in electronic form attached to or associated with others which are used to identify the signatory, which allows you to check the provenance, authenticity and integrity of messages exchanged over the Internet. There are two types of electronic signatures: basic and advanced. The basic does not guarantee the identity of the signer, neither the veracity of information received since the sending does not ensure that the issuer has made it known to us, while the advanced signature identifies the signer and detect any subsequent change of data that could occur. The digital signature is a specific techology signature and created by the so-called System Asymmetric key cryptography and it works like that : The holder has two keys : public key and private key ,private key is only known to the issuer and is associated to the information you send .while the person who received only know their public key . Two keys are needed and complement each other to get the encrypted message appears as the original . When we want sent private information the information is encrypted by system which use mathematical operations so the information becames encripted ( strange numbers and letters) so the message only can be deciphered by the people who know the instruction and have a public key Conclusions and Recommendations It should be used by the organitations which have an important or secret information as banks, universities, hospitals, etc., these organitations should use digital signatures in order to avoid the risk of fraud .they have to be sure about the authenticy of the sender.

The Effects Of Globalisation On Education

The Effects Of Globalisation On Education In this modern era, the term Globalisation is used, accepted and treated famously in most part of the world. Even though the word may not be a particularly sophisticated or attractive word, but there are massive numbers of debates happening around the world relating to the globalisation issue. According to Giddens (1999, p. 7), I have not been to a single country recently where globalisation is not being intensively discussed. Referring to his comment on the popularity of the term globalisation that is made in 1999, I think I could imagine and assume logically of how famous the term would be now. Hence, in this essay, I will discuss the effects of globalisation on education in which specifically focusing on the question whether globalisation really helps to improve education or it actually hinders the true meaning of education. To answer this question, this essay will be divided into a few sections starting from a brief explanation of globalisations and educations background follow b y the effects of education and conclusion. In this essay I will first point out the effects of globalisation on education both positively and negatively not only for industrialised countries but also for underdeveloped countries around the world. This essay also will show the variation of my point of view as I have different perceptions for each aspect. 1. What is globalisation and education? Globalisation has actually existed since long time ago. Based on the Human Development Reports 1990 2000 by Peace Child International, globalisation has existed since the sixteenth century when Britain, France, Spain and the Netherlands started to colonise other countries around the world by conquering, occupying and exploiting them in order to gain profit for themselves (2002, p. 42). However, even when those colonial empires broke down during the twentieth century, the inequality and injustice of colonialism have set the stage for the on-going disparities in the world today. The globalisation that is happening today is actually interrelated with the colonisation that happened before. Some people also said that globalisation is the incarnation of colonisation. The globalisation happening now is very different from the colonial era because, as HDR 1999 explains, it is shaped by new actors, new rules, new markets and new tools each of which creates opportunities but also new challenges (Peace Child International, 2002, p. 42). As the new globalisation is one of the most debated issues nowadays, it is mentioned and discussed everywhere by nations leaders, educators, bloggers, businessman, reporters and even by blue collar workers and any people on the streets. Remarkably, for being so widely used, it is hardly to find a precisely agreed definition. Globalisation as defined in Collins English Dictionary is a trend towards the existence of a single world market dominated by multinational companies (2008). Another brief definition of globalisation that brings similar meaning suggests by Porter (1999, in Mortimore, 2001, p. 230), which is the process by which the peoples and nations of the world are increasingly drawn together into a single entity. Both definitions mentioned above show that globalisation is something that attracts people and nations towards something that is new and in trend. However, these two are among the sources that define globalisation as positive and as general as they are. In fact, ther e are still a lot more definitions of globalisation being discussed around the world. This is because different definitions would come from different point of views. As being mentioned before of how famous the term is, it would not be a surprise if the meaning of the term is hardly to be determined (Giddens, 1999). Fortunately, apart from the general definitions mentioned previously, there is one definition of globalisation that attracts me and helps me to understand the term better. The definition is taken from Waks (2006, as cited in Parjanadze, 2009, p. 84). Waks defines globalisation as: The process whereby market exchange relationships and multimedia telecommunications capabilities spread from the core of economically and technologically developed nations to other regions of the world, facilitating the flow of goods, services, and people across national borders, this process being stimulated by, while in turn reinforcing, an image of the world as a unified whole and humanity, despite its cultural diversity and continuing differentiation, as a single global society, while also generating resistance and violent opposition from those excluded from this imagined global society (2006, as cited in Parjanadze, 2009, p. 84). On the other hand, according to Collins English Dictionary, education is defined as the way of gaining knowledge and understanding which is through the process of learning (2008). Collins English Dictionary also defines education as the system of teaching people at school or university (2008). In general, when we hear or come to think of the word education, automatically it reminds us of our school, teachers, friends and other memories that happened and related to our learning phase. Globalisation: Threats or Opportunities for education? As mentioned before, the term globalisation has been defined to a variety of interpretations by different people. Similarly, the judgement of the effects of globalisation has been made differently too. Some people may think that globalisation is like a new wave of modernisation that helps everyone to live a better life. On the other hand, there are also people who aware that not everything from globalisation will benefit them. Though globalisation may simply mean global interconnectedness, but it includes a number of intertwined and complex technological, economic, environmental, cultural and political processes. Hence, there is no definite agreement about the nature of the phenomenon because the perceptions on the effects of globalisation may vary from person to person depending on their worldview and personal experience. According to Parjanadze (2009, p. 79), The concepts of globalisation, nation state and education are closely intertwined. Hence, both globalisation and education will actually affecting each other whether be it positively or negatively. So, I have come to a good question, Does globalisation really helps to improve education or it actually hinders the true meaning of education? The effects of globalisation on education: Smaller globe of education Throughout the globalisation era, globalisation has somehow helped to change the whole worlds perceptions of education. Once, it was not only difficult to get an opportunity to study abroad, but it was close to impossible for one to get out from their village to learn something out of their communitys and societys norm. Our great ancestors, they were educated at home where they learned basic living skills as a preparation for them to live their life well. Years after years, as the world has transformed dynamically, schools and other learning centres are built in order to cater for a better education purpose. Now, not only there are massive numbers of education centres, but also we have been exposed to a lot easier and conducive ways to learn something whether be it new or old knowledge. If once, it was close to impossible for one to earn knowledge because of lack of exposure and location, fortunately now globalisation has helped to reverse the situation. Now everyone can learn is one of my teacher famous phrases when he would like to lift our spirit in learning something new. He used to use that phrase repeatedly to show how everyone will get the opportunity to earn knowledge easily, to appreciate the chances that we have nowadays compare to our parents and ancestors times. To explain this further, the aspects that will be enlightened in order to show the effect of globalisation on education are in term of the revolution of technology as well as the shortcut of education. I chose to emphasis on these two aspects as I find both are important aspects and they are closely related to each other in defining globalisation as well as in presenting of how they have affected education. 4.1 The revolution of technology As the result of globalisation, the world nowadays has faced the dramatic revolution of technology. In the shortest amount of time, lots of high technology or also known as high tech stuff and services are being invented and developed. High tech means the most  advanced technology currently obtainable, the technology that is at the cutting edge. The introduction of computers, television, internets, radios, notebooks, e-books, email and a lot more high tech stuff has made learning process more convenient. The invention and evolvement of the high tech stuff and services are especially useful for educators. It is easier for the educators to teach, transfer and share the knowledge with their learners not only in their specific classroom, but with any learners in the world. The emergence of this leads to the smaller globe of education where everyone from any part of the world could access the knowledge provided from another part of the world easily. Based on Giddens who points out that instantaneous electronic communication is not just a way in which news or information is conveyed more quickly (1999, p. 11). Giddens further adds that the existence of the electronic communication modifies and gives a lot of impacts to both rich and poor peoples life. As result of instantaneous communication, education is now can be easily accessible and transferrable as the famous saying goes education is now at the tips of everyones fingers. This is supported by Abdul Razak (2011, p. 62) in which he mentions that The emergence of technology-mediated learning has revolutionised the teaching and learning process. According to him, the technology-mediated learning by using the high tech stuff has helped in the distribution of information and knowledge to millions around the world (2011). On the other hand, although Abdul Razak agrees that with the help of technology has enhanced the learning processes, he also disagrees as he feels that when people rely too much on technology throughout their learning process, the downside of it is that the person will eventually lose the true essence of learning which is via interactive communication with the knowledge source as well as with other learners. This is because, when learning via technology medium such as websites, emails or any virtual learning system, the interaction between people/society/community will be cut off as the learning process will be more personalised between the learners and the technology medium only. The idea of how lack of interaction can be a downside for a person has been anticipated long time ago by a well-known psychologist named Fromm (Abdul Razak, 2011, p.62). The idea is: Modern man is alienated from himself, from his fellow men, and from nature. He has been transformed into a commodity, experiences his life forces as an investment in which must bring him the maximum profit obtainable under existing market conditions (Fromm, 1995, as cited in Abdul Razak, 2011, p. 62). Referring to Abdul Razak disagreements point and Fromms idea on modern mans alienation, I admit that their points are true. With tremendous developments in network access worldwide and progress in communication and information technologies generally, to learn from distance is like a current phenomenon being practised around the world. Programmes that support students to learn from far are becoming one of the main ways to offer educational opportunities to students. In my opinion, this kind of learning programme would be great for adult learners who would like to work and study at the same time. However, if it were to use by younger students, it would affect their social skills as it reduce their opportunity to mix and interact with the real society rather than just being a technologys kingdom citizen. This kind of people who love to spend time on internet has been labelled as netizen which means an active participant in the online community of the Internet (http://www.merriam-webster .com/dictionary/netizen). 4.2 The shortcut for education In spite of the disadvantages mentioned above, I would personally prefer to look at how globalisation has revolved the technology which then leads to a few more steps in helping us to earn more knowledge conveniently. It is true that we cannot neglect or abandon the fact that globalisation is mostly benefited the rich or industrialised countries only. This is because there is a famous Malay old saying that is not to always critic the lacks but to appreciate the goodness we have in the racks. Looking at the bright side, there are still noble steps that has been done with the help of technology that comes as the result of globalisation. One of the noble steps that I would like to emphasis is something that I personally symbolises it as the shortcut of education. It is basically about how globalisation eases the journey of education. With the advancement of technology, as being mentioned before, it has helped people around the world to study conveniently. As the world has become smaller and almost borderless, apart from being able to learn from distance and to be able to communicate with the person from other places, globalisation has also helped to ease the journey of the education. Globalisation is like a shortcut towards the finding of ways to education or knowledge. It is said as to ease the journey of education because nowadays it is easier for educators as well as for students to go to anywhere in order to share and to search for education. A lot of foreign universities are offering more interesting and skilful courses locally and internationally. According to Abdul Razak (2011, p. 63), Along with the wave of globalisation, western universities realised that a great opportunity was available in the third world countries, particularly in Asia and Africa, which were once the colonies of the west, to open campuses there. Referring to his point, it is true that in most third world countries, especially Asian countries, there are a lot of universities being established as the branches of some big universities from the western countries. Vice versa, there are also branches of Asian universities being opened in western countries. For instance, the Lim Kok Wing University in Cyberjaya in Malaysia has opened its branch located in London, in the United Kingdom. Abdul Razak further adds that a lot of foreign universities and colleges sell and promote their education, their degrees as well as diplomas to the third world countries local students. This is because by doing that, they are generating huge amount of profit for their educational enterprise (2011, p. 63). As the western universities offer courses to generate profit, the charge for each course is tremendously high. This causes students who are from the lower income family, especially in third world countries suffer and find it difficult to get a tertiary education. 5 The effects of globalisation on education: Education as a tool of commodity As globalisation has helped the enhancement of technology for communications throughout the whole world, it has eventually altered and changed the way educators educate. Paralleling with the technology enhancement and economic revolution, educations nowadays serve more for preparation for work rather than for individual holistic values. Hence, schools, colleges and universities have started to work hard in promoting the courses that are needed for the current job demands. For example in Britain and Northern Ireland, courses and programs were restructured and more new courses are introduced in order to upsurge the marketing for courses such as MBAs and distance learning programme (Smith, 2002). The distance learning programme are being promoted to target those who already in work but would like to further study usually for the upgrading of salary or position purposes. On top of that, the current demand in the labour market has raised the awareness of how important a degree would be in order to confirm them a safe position in their work field. This is because, the perception that people have on the current economy plays a major impact on how they view the effect of globalization on education. Regardless of the higher costs that they have to pay, students still find that it is necessary to stay in school and to further study in higher education in order to gain as many accreditation as they can before entering the job market. As mentions by Wolf (2002, in Smith, 2002), At a certain point in what had been a steady, slow expansion, large numbers of people started to feel they really had better get a degree, because not doing so would be such a bad move. The first wave set off another and so on. Looking at this phenomenon, it is assumed that in the next coming years, the enrolment numbers to higher education will increase as they believe that not having a degree in current economical demands will be an obstacle to their success (Smith, 2002). Another form of how education has been change into commodification is the privatisation and corporatisation of schools and national policies. Nowadays, education field has become an arena where corporations and universities from around the world compete with each other for students in order to sustain and extend their funding (Smith, 2002). Students and parents are acknowledged and treated as customers when they are given choices to choose which school has promoted their qualities the best and which learning experiences brands sounds more promising. This kind of promotion is related to the labour market demands mentioned previously too. As parents and students both want to get the best educations to promise a better job future, they seem not to be bothered by this kind of selling the learning experience trend. The real danger is that unthinking adoption of the private sector model prevents the development of an approach to management in the public services in general or to the social services in particular based on their distinctive purposes, conditions and tasks (Stewart, 1992, as cited in Smith, 2002). Referring to Stewarts comment, he believes that by implementing such business strategies on promoting education has come to resemble a private, rather than for public good. This is because, by adopting standardised teaching models and striving for specified outcomes achievement, less emphasis is put on community and equity. More emphasis is put on individual enhancement and the need to fulfil influential customers as well as to satisfy customers (Smith, 2002). Hence, in this case, does commodification help education or does it hinder education? In my opinion, it is true that it does not look noble when we see the current phenomenon of selling education. However, I believe that to survive in this revolutionary world, we have to keep moving forward as this is the only that we can do in order to make sure that we are not being left behind. I view this as if we are running on the treadmill. Once the button start is pushed, we need to keep on running whether be it to run slowly or to keep with the pace set to keep us from falling down. It is true too that after a while, we will feel tired and that is when we started to feel to stop running or to just walk on the treadmill. Same goes with globalisation and especially towards the idea of commodification. To look at the bright side, when education is changed into commodification, at least it raises the awareness among youngsters that they need to keep moving, to keep catching the opportunities in order to achieve their aims. As the effect of globalisation too that it triggers them to be more competitive in their study as well as in their working field in future. Thus, I think, despite the negative impacts of commodification mentioned around, we can still gain something beneficial from them. 6 The effects of globalisation on education: English as a dominant language, English as a lingua franca According to Kelly (2004) through globalisation, English has achieved the status to be declared as a lingua franca. Based on the British Councils report (as cited in Kelly, 2004), The speakers of English as a second language probably outnumber those who speak it as a first language, and around 750 million people are believed to speak English as a foreign language. English has been declared as a dominant language, as a lingua franca, for it has about two billion people in at least 75 countries who speaks in it .Furthermore, English is the most common language to be used as a medium of communication for scientific, technological, and academic field as well as for international trade information.   On top of that, the establishment of foreign universities and the revolution of technology have helped the people in developing and underdeveloped countries to learn and master the English language effectively. The trend of learning and mastering of English has been an inevitable thing in most of the non-English-spoken countries. For example, from my point of view as a Malaysian student, I could see that Malaysian has been benefited a lot as the result of globalisation as well as colonisation. Malaysia, as a developing country, was once being labelled as underdeveloped. However, after being colonialized by a few countries, the education system in Malaysia has undergone a lot of changes. Like in any places, some changes are effectively implemented while some are not. The most obvious example of positive effect that Malaysian has gained is the exposure and opportunity to learn English as our second language. In 2003, in order to meet the challenges of globalisation, the government has taken a brilliant step in introducing the teaching of Science and Mathematics in English. Unfortunately, even though the programme has been implemented successfully, the Malaysian government decided to revert to the teaching by using Bahasa Melayu again by the year 2012. This is because the programme had been criticized by the Malay linguist and political activist (Abdul Razak, 2011, p. 63). Besides the teaching of Science and Mathematics in English programme, I think the decision of teaching English as a second language in the curriculum alone has made a big impact on Malaysia educations future. As English is a dominant language in the world, by acquiring and mastering it proficiently would be a great point that could elevate a persons educational level higher from others. This will help them to portray a good professional image when applying for a job. Conclusion In analysing the impact of globalization on education, I find that globalisation seems to be a pretty beneficial movement in terms of education, although there are still several obstacles in its way. Looking at how to find the origin and the definition of the term globalisation as well as to identify the effects of globalisation on education, it is undeniable that globalisation is a challenging concept to perceive. As Parjanadze (2009, p. 86) says that globalisation is difficult to perceive because globalisation is based on notions of time and space and a shift in the dimensions cause reinterpretation and re-structuring of the reality around us. As previously I have mentioned how I see commodification as something like treadmill, it is the same with the whole idea of globalisation. Despite the valid points made regarding how the advancement of technology and the commodification of education hinder the true essence of education, we should not totally reject the globalisation of the wo rld. This is because in my opinion, it is apparent that the revolution of technology has given and still giving us a lot of conveniences especially in term of communication, transportation and entertainment. Technology has particularly help to create a smaller globe of education which then leads to a lot more advantages. Thus, it is essential for each of us to understand that throughout the process of globalisation, we need to be able to accept, to adapt and keep on track with the current pace of the revolution in order to make sure that we will be left behind.